Bonneau, Chris W. “Patterns of Campaign Spending and Electoral Competition in State Supreme Court Elections,” 25 Justice System Journal 21 (2004). (SSRN)

December 20, 2011

This article analyzes campaign spending trends in all contested state elections from 1990–2000.

Judicial Election

Judges are elected by popular vote.
Democratic Appointment

Judges are appointed directly by a democratic body, or appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of some democratic body.

Hybrid

Judges are appointed by the governor after nomination by a commission and confirmation by a democratic body.
Missouri Plan

Judges are appointed by the governor after nomination by a commission.