Frederick, Brian, and Matthew J. Streb. “Paying the Price for a Seat on the Bench: Campaign Spending in Contested State Intermediate Appellate Court Elections,” 8 State Politics and Policy Quarterly 410 (2008). (Sage)

This empirical study examines the factors that predicted campaign spending in 172 contested state intermediate appellate court races from 2000–2006 and finds that the characteristics of the race, institutional factors, and the context of the campaign are all relevant.